Aim: The purpose of this research is to measure the prevalence of the symptoms of depression in undergraduate dental students.

Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in September and October 2017 among the dental graduates. A total of 154 students participated in the research. The participants were surveyed through a self-administered questionnaire that included the validated center for epidemiological studies-depression scale as the assessment tool and questions about demographic characteristics.

Results: The prevalence of depression was 60.4% in dental graduates. The prevalence of depression was higher in female (62.4%) dental undergraduates than males (57.4%). Overall, First-year students had a higher prevalence of depression than other class years.

Conclusion: The high prevalence of depression among dental students highlights the significance of providing support and assistance programs along with the implementation of preventive measures. These measures will help particularly those who have a higher degree of susceptible elevated levels of these psychological conditions.

Clinical Significance: The prevalence of depression was higher in dental students with higher prevalence in female particularly the first-year students. Year of study and gender were the risk factors for depression in students. Counseling sessions of depression for susceptible students should conduct yearly basis to manage the symptoms promptly.

Keywords: Center for epidemiological studies-depression scale, dental students, gender, symptoms of depression

How to cite this article: Ikram K, Leghari MA, Khalil S, Kainat R. Prevalence of symptoms of depression among the dental undergraduates, Karachi, Pakistan. Int Dent Med J Adv Res 2018;4:175-178.

Received: 09 May 2018;

Accepted: 30 June 2018

Background: Dental caries is an infectious disease influenced by cariogenic microorganisms. Streptococcus mutans is associated with the initiation of caries, while lactobacilli with disease progression. Chlorhexidine is used as a gold standard mouthwash but with some side effects such as staining on long-term use. Nature itself is the best physician; it helps in treating oral health. Medicinal plants such as neem, tulsi, clove oil, triphala, and many more have been used in dentistry since ages to treat oral health problems such as bleeding gums, halitosis, and caries. One of them is pomegranate. It is the oldest edible fruit and considered as “a pharmacy unto itself.“ Pomegranate has phenolic acids, flavonoids, and tannins in its different parts. Hydrolysable tannins called punicalagins which have free scavenging properties are the most abundant polyphenols found in pomegranate containing mouthwash. It has anticariogenic, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties.

Aim: The aim of this study is to evaluate the antimicrobial efficacy of pomegranate peel extract, Hiora, and chlorhexidine.

Materials and Methods: In this study, three different mouthwashes were used and divided into four groups as follows: Group A as chlorhexidine mouthwash (Hexidine), Group B as herbal mouthwash (Hiora), Group C as pomegranate peel extract 100% concentrated, and Group D as pomegranate peel extract 75% concentrated. Reference strains of S. mutans and Lactobacillus acidophilus were selected as it plays an important role in caries initiation and progression. S. mutans and Lactobacillus were grown in blood agar plates. For agar well diffusion method, wells of approximately 6-mm diameter and 4 mm in depth were made using a cork. In those wells, mouthwashes were added. Plates were incubated for 48 h at 37°C. The zone of inhibition was measured with the help of Vernier caliper.

Results: The zone of inhibition of the solutions against S. Mutans and Lactobacillus shows a statistically significant P < 0.001** with f value of 1419.377 and 164.916, respectively.

Conclusion: The pomegranate peel extract and Hiora show antimicrobial activities, and hence, they can be replaced for the long-term use to avoid the side effects of chlorhexidine mouthwash.

Clinical significance: The pomegranate peel extract is a natural product with the antibacterial property; hence, it can be easily incorporated into oral hygiene measures such as mouthwashes or toothpastes.

Keywords: Chlorhexidine, Hiora, Lactobacillus acidophilus, pomegranate peel extract, Streptococcus mutans, zone of inhibition

How to cite this article: Kunte S, Kadam N, Patel A, Shah P, Lodaya R, Lakde L. Comparative evaluation of antimicrobial properties of pomegranate peel extract against Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus - An in vitro study. Int Dent Med J Adv Res 2018;4:1-6

Received 31 March 2018;

Accepted 06 May 2018

Background: Pyogenic granuloma is an inflammatory hyperplasia occasionally observed in the oral cavity. The term pyogenic granuloma is a misnomer because it neither contains pus nor it is a granuloma histologically. Most commonly occurs in the second decade of life and females are more commonly affected. Trauma, calculus, pregnancy, hormonal factors are the common etiological factors associated. It appears as smooth or lobulated exophytic lesion, mostly pedunculated and bleeds on slight probing. The diagnosis of pyogenic granuloma should be confirmed by histopathology and treatment of choice is surgical excision. Recurrence is not uncommon and mainly occurs due to incomplete excision and persisting etiology.

Aim: This article presents four cases of oral pyogenic granuloma with literature review summarizing the existing knowledge of etiopathogenesis, diagnosis and management of this non neoplastic lesion.

Conclusion: Pyogenic granuloma occurs as mostly painless benign growth but causes great discomfort and fear of malignancy to the patient. Surgical excision and removal of etiological factors are the mainstay treatment.

Clinical Significance: This article reiterates importance of correct diagnosis and treatment planning in common oral lesions such as pyogenic granuloma. Histopathological examination of the excised lesion can help in definitive diagnosis. Pyogenic granuloma bleeds profusely and hence adequate hemostatic measures should be employed during and after the surgery.

Keywords: Capillary hemangioma, gingival enlargement, inflammatory hyperplasia, pyogenic granuloma

How to cite this article: Ranjan A, Sharma R, Arora M, Ahmed N, Banerjee D, Sharma H. Pyogenic granuloma of oral cavity: Case series and clinicopathologic correlation. Int Dent Med J Adv Res 2018;4:1-4.

Received: 12 April 2018;

Accepted: 16 May 2018

Background: The accurate and efficient diagnosis at the early stages of neurological disorders is the key feature for effective treatment and productive research for finding out new ways to combat diseases. It is essentially true for neurological disorders where there is no effective cure, but only treatments are available for slowing down the procedure. Neurological disorders reveal only non-specific clinical symptoms of mental changes/decline starting from a few days to decades after initiation which goes very challenging to differentiate even at later stages when the disorder becomes way aggressive. Despite the fact of having great need, the current availability of diagnostic tests is unable to diagnose different forms of neurological disorders.

Aim: The aim of this review is to explore the application of Raman spectroscopy (RS) and mass spectrometry (MS) for the detection of changes in the biochemical composition of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), blood serum, urine, and saliva. The approach will be based on probing biochemical composition of a biofluid totally using the spectroscopy analysis with advanced statistics. The power of high differentiation method will promote the translation of RS from mere a laboratory technique to clinically useful tool. Demonstration of biochemical information derived from RS from CSF, blood, saliva, and urine that will yield accurate and selective detection of neurological disorders. It will also provide diagnostic and prognostic indicators and will also play a significant role in the development of personalized medicine.

Conclusion: Combination of RS and other techniques such as MS and advanced molecular techniques will allow differentiating CSF, blood serum, saliva, and urine samples of common neurological disorders from normal control patients with sensitivity and specificity close to 95%.

Clinical Significance: The outcome of the research methods explained will demonstrate an accurate discriminative method which will be based on RS for the detection of neurological disorders. The findings of research in the review will furthermore confirm that if the biomedical application of the methods will either allow to distinguish and detect biomarkers of neurological disorders from biofluids and is it a viable clinical tool that can be used for an accurate diagnosis through a simple test.

Keywords: Biological fluids, biomarkers, diagnosis, neurological disorders, spectroscopy analysis

How to cite this article: Khan RS, Ahmed MR, Khalid B, Mahmood A, Hassan R. Biomarker Detection of Neurological Disorders through Spectroscopy Analysis. Int Dent Med J Adv Res 2018;4:1-9.

Received: 09 February 2018;

Accepted: 18 March 2018

Background: Aloe vera (AV) gels with different concentrations are available in the market. In this study, we evaluate the efficacy of AV gel with two different concentrations in the treatment of oral lichen planus (OLP) compared with placebo.

Materials and Methods: A total of 21 females suffering from the clinical signs and symptoms of OLP were grouped into Group (I) patients receiving AV gel divided into two subgroups, subgroup (A) received AV 70% concentration (7 patients) and subgroup)B) received AV 90% concentration (7 patients) and Group (II) control group received placebo (7 patients).

Results: There was no statistically significant difference between ulcer sizes at all points of follow-up in Egyptian and Australian AV compared to placebo. The degree of change was higher in Egyptian than Australian AV regarding size, erythema, reticulation, and total area of lesion. However, there was no statistically significant difference between two types of treatment as regards all measured parameters (P > 0.05).

Conclusions: AV gel whether Egyptian or Australian is statistically significantly more effective than placebo in inducing marked improvement clinically of OLP. Therefore, AV gel can be considered a safe alternative treatment for patients with OLP.

Clinical Significance: AV gel can be considered a safe alternative treatment for patients with OLP.

Keywords: Aloe vera, erythema, oral lichen planus, placebo

How to cite this article: Ahmed SS, Gadalla LM, Elmeadawy SH, Badria F. The efficacy of Aloe vera gel in treatment of oral lichen planus. Int Dent Med J Adv Res 2018;4:1-6.

Received: November 16, 2017;

Accepted: March 08, 2018

Regenerative medicine, aims to restore or establish the normal function of lost, diseased, damaged or aging cells, tissues and organs using a range of approaches; including cell-based and gene-based therapies, tissue engineering, and biomedical engineering. The future scope of regenerative endodontics may be increased to include the replacement of periapical tissues, periodontal ligaments, gingiva, and even tooth in-toto. The aim of this article is to review the prospects of endodontic regeneration.Future clinical research would likely focus on translating basic research findings into improved regenerative procedures, such as formation of cementum-like material on the dentinal walls that might lead to studies evaluating benefits of revascularization procedures for overall tooth resistance to fracture. Controlled differentiation into odontoblasts is an important area of research and amenable to tissue engineering concepts. The development of the delivery systems might permit structural reinforcement of the cervical area that might provide clinical opportunities to regenerate lost tooth structure, thereby permitting natural teeth to be retained. Clinical significance: Expanding the scope of regenerative medicine, researchers have also developed and applied regenerative procedures in oral soft and hard tissues.

Keywords: Endodontic regeneration, scaffolds, stem cells

How to cite this article: Mookhtiar H, Hegde V, Shanmugsundaram S. Future prospects in endodontic regeneration - A review article. Int Dent Med J Adv Res 2018;4:1-5.

Received: 08 January 2018;

Accepted: 12 February 2018

Background: Implant therapy in partially edentulous patients has become a well-established treatment modality, in general, and anterior single-tooth replacement has become a highly predictable solution. However, the current literature is scarce when it comes to objective outcome evaluation from an esthetic point of view.

Aim: The aim of this study was to assess the correlation between non-dental personnel’s perception of single-tooth implant restoration (STIR) with pink esthetic score (PES)/white esthetic score (WES) grading given by different dental specialists.

Materials and Methods: A total of 20 photographs with one implant restoration in the esthetic zone (maxillary canine to canine) surrounded by virgin teeth were included in the study. A total of 20 specialists (4 periodontists; 4 prosthodontists; 4 oral surgeons; 4 endodontists; and 4 senior general dental practitioners) evaluated the photographs for PES and WES scores. Same photographs were presented to 25 laypeople. They were instructed to identify which tooth was STIR and also record what factor influenced their decision for selecting STIR (surrounding peri-implant soft tissue or implant restoration).

Results: Among the dental specialists, oral surgeons were very generous in PES/WES scores followed by endodontists, periodontists, general practitioners, and least scores were assigned by prosthodontists. The difference between all five groups was statistically significant. Furthermore, a negative correlation was observed between mean PES/WES scores assigned by specialists with positive identification of STIR by laypeople.

Conclusion: Achieving good consistent anterior esthetics is a challenge. The hard and soft tissues, as well as the crown portion, have to be in harmony for acceptable results. In this study, highest score was given by oral surgeons and prosthodontists were very critical. Furthermore, it was observed that laypeople identified white esthetic deficiencies more frequently than pink esthetic deficiencies.

Clinical Significance: Anterior maxillary single-tooth implant replacement is a successful and predictable treatment modality. PES/WES index are valuable objective assessment tools for evaluating anterior esthetics. However, the dentist’s assessment may be different from that of the patient, because the latter is more subjective. Thus, a combination of subjective and objective assessment tools is essential while evaluating anterior esthetics.

Keywords: Dental implants, dental specialists, pink esthetic score, single-tooth implant restoration, white esthetic score

How to cite this article: Dani S, Prabhu A, Jain KV, Dugad S, Sindhe JR, Patil SR. Esthetic evaluation of maxillary anterior single-tooth implant by dental specialists and non-dental personnel. Int Dent Med J Adv Res 2018;4:1-6.

Received: 05.01.2018;

Accepted: 19.01.2018

Background: Premature loss of primary teeth due to caries, trauma, or any other cause ultimately leads to undesirable movement of primary and/or permanent teeth resulting in arch length deficiency. Such a loss can produce or increase the severity of malocclusions with rotations, ectopic eruption, crowding, excessive overjet and overbite, unfavorable molar relationships, and crossbite. Pediatric dentist as a part of managing developing occlusion prefers the use of space maintainers to eliminate or decrease the severity of such malocclusions. Fixed space maintainers are usually indicated to maintain space created by unilateral/bilateral premature loss of primary teeth in either of the arches. Of the various fixed space maintainers, band and loop type is most frequently used. Even though it has high success rate and good patient compliance, there are disadvantages in its construction and longevity.

Aim: In the present case series, we highlight ill effects of conventional band and loop space maintainers with appliance acting as plaque retentive causing gingival enlargement, mucosal overgrowth on the loop, band displacement causing blanching of gingiva, loop impingement on the mucosa causing ulceration, pain, and cement disintegration around the band.

Conclusion: In the era of bondontics and with the advent of newer materials such as fiber-reinforced composite resin system (FRCR), now, it is the time to revolutionize the conventional band and loop space maintainers to overcome the disadvantages.

Clinical Significance: FRCR as space maintainers are esthetic which is need of the hour in the present century, easy to clean, does not impinge on the soft tissue and with no laboratory procedure involved.

Keywords: Conventional band and loop space maintainer, Fiber-reinforced composite resin system, Fixed space maintainer, Malocclusion, Space maintenance

How to cite this article: Chandra SH, Krishnamoorthy SH, Johnson JS, Prabhu S. ILL effects of Conventional band and loop space maintainers ##time to revolutionise. Int Dent Med J Adv Res 2018;4:1-4.

Received: 03-01-2018;

Accepted: 08-02-2018

Background: Mandibular implant overdenture retained by two implants was considered the minimum requirement for treatment of mandibular edentulous jaw. However, the financial cost of this treatment is relatively high that could not offered by many patients, especially in developing countries.

Aim: This study was made to ascertain if the mandibular overdenture retained by one implant at satisfaction and biting force parameters.

Methodology: A total of 56 edentulous patients have met the selection criteria. After randomized sampling system, one or two implants were inserted in the mandible following delayed surgical protocol, and locator attachments were screwed to implants at the second stage of surgery. The patient’s satisfaction was rated and the biting force was measured at baseline (before implant) and at 3, 6, and 12 months after implant loading. Patient satisfaction was evaluated using 100 mm visual analog scale, whereas the biting force was measured by load star sensor device.

Results: The study sample comprised of 56 patients (32 male AND 24 female), with a mean age of 58.2 years. All patients attended the 12-month follow-up without dropout. The two-implant group present a significant improvement in both patient satisfaction and biting force throughout the follow-up period in comparison with single implant group.

Conclusion: The two implants mandibular overdenture still the minimum standard treatment modality for completely edentulous cases rather than single implants mandibular overdenture..

Clinical Significance: The mandibular overdenture retained by single implant at the midline can provide a beneficial treatment outcome over 1 year observation period, especially for low-income patients.

Keywords: Biting force, dental implants, locator attachment, patient satisfaction, single implant overdenture

How to cite this article: Al-Fahd A, Abbas N, Farouk M. Comparison between Patient Satisfaction and Biting Force in a Single Implant Overdenture and Two-implants Overdenture: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Int Dent Med J Adv Res 2018;4:1- 7.

Received: 01 December 2017;
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Accepted: 08 December 2017