Background: Several drugs are used for the management of hypertension. Among these drugs, calcium channel blockers (CCBs) are the most potent and generally used drug. Gingival enlargement is a recognized outcome of the administration of CCBs. Other drugs which cause gingival enlargement are antiepileptic drugs (phenytoin) and immunosuppressants (cyclosporine). The role of bacterial plaque in the overall pathogenesis of drug-induced gingival enlargement is not clear as some studies indicate that plaque is a prerequisite for gingival enlargement, whereas others suggest that the presence of plaque is a result of its accumulation caused by the enlarged gingiva.

Aim: The aim of this study is to find the association of local factors with CCBs-induced gingival enlargement.

Conclusion: The observations made in this report support that the presence of local factors augments the degree of the gingival enlargement present.

Significance: As the prevalence of CCB use is relatively high in the population, especially among patients with cardiovascular disease, it is important that medical professionals are aware of the association between drug-induced gingival enlargement and local factors so that they can emphasize thorough home care and professional cleaning in the treatment of drug-induced gingival enlargement.

Keywords: Calcium channel blockers, gingival enlargement, home care, local factors, professional cleaning

How to cite this article: Chouksey A, Awasthi N, Rai J, Chaudhary A. Association of drug-induced gingival enlargement (calcium channel blockers) and local factors: Who is the culprit? Int Dent Med J Adv Res 2017;3:1-5.

Received: 04 March 2017

Accepted: 10 April 2017

Background: Gutka chewing habit is found to be addictive and contains damaging and destructive effects on oral health. What factors lead to its usage, habit development and which sex is more predisposed to its effects is being evaluated in this study.

Aim: The aim of the study is to assess the contributing factors and prevalence associated with gutka chewing habit in comparison to women and men and to determine the effect of this habit on the oral cavity.

Materials and Methods: Participants were divided into four categories of age 6-12 in children, 14-25 years and 25-45 adults. Two groups of men and women were also made for comparison. This cross-sectional study was conducted with the help of using self-administered questionnaire during January 2016 to March 2016. Where the questionnaire was comprised multiple questions through which socioeconomic condition and professional and mental stability, such as psychological stress was assessed.

Results: Overall prevalence of tobacco chewing was males 67% and females 32% among the youth with and Urdu-speaking group was mostly involved as compare to other ethnic groups. Gutka was being used most frequently 3-5 times per day by males and females. Reasons revealed from our study for chewing were most commonly influence of friends, for fun and depression. And changes in oral cavity were also observed in the form of development of stains, caries, plaque, and calculus.

Conclusion: According to the study age, socioeconomic condition, occupation, psychological stress, friends, and family influence were the contributing factors associated with gutka chewing habit. Moreover, habitual chewing affects the oral health by introducing caries, calculus, and stains.

Clinical Significance: Strengths and limitations depend on the cooperation level of the participants. The study has concluded that many contributing factors such as age, socioeconomic status, profession, and psychological stress play an important role in this habit in both women and men.

Keywords: Areca nut, betel quid, caries, gutka, oral mucous fibrosis

How to cite this article: Rehan F, Sahar NU, Khan RS, Memon MS, Minhaj N, Shaharyar SH. Habitual risk factors in gutka chewers. Int Dent Med J Adv Res 2017;3:1-5.

Received: 27 February 2017;

Accepted: 06 April 2017

Background: Extraoral examination (EOE) is an inherent component of the physical examination in dentistry. Nevertheless, a few studies inspect its practice by dental professionals and patient perception of it.

Aim: The aim was to evaluate patients’ opinions on the EOE and their attitude toward it.

Materials and Methods: A questionnaire was distributed to a random sample of 216 dental patients with 81% response rate, during August–September 2016, in four dental clinics in greater Beirut, Lebanon. Patients were asked if they had EOE before and their perception of it as well as about its significance.

Results: Ninety-one percent of the studied sample reported not receiving EOE previously. In general, patients displayed a positive perception of the examination. Moreover, having previous such examination seemed not related with the receptivity to have it in the future.

Conclusion: The EOE is an underutilized service in oral care that patients seem to accept and perceive positively when offered.

Clinical Significance: More emphasis should be placed on the importance of providing

Keywords: Dentist–patient relations, diagnosis, oral manifestations, oral medicine, physical examination EOE to patients systematically.

How to cite this article: El-Outa A, Cassia A. Oral health beyond mouth: Patients’ opinions on extraoral examination. Int Dent Med J Adv Res 2017;3:1-6.

Received: 16 March 2017;

Accepted: 18 April 2017

Early peri-implantitis is one of the major causes of implant surgery failure. Caused by various factors such as pathogenic contamination, this condition needs a specific and professional intervention to re-stabilize the implant and to recreate osseointegration in the defected site. This article describes a treatment protocol that restores the bone-implant contact and renders the implant reliable and functional at the long term. In the aim of treating a peri-implantitis state and saving the implant, we opted for a simple protocol that treats the implant surface and stimulates the bone regeneration and bone-implant osseointegration. 1-year after the application of hydrogen peroxide 15% and citric acid combined with bone graft and resorbable membrane, the ex-defected implant was loaded after a neo-osseointegration formation all around the implant. 2 years later, the implant is still functional, and the peri-implant tissues show a healthy state. In conclusion, the good diagnosis and the fast intervention using implant surface etching and regenerative intervention were the key to success in this case. This case study encourages the use of the combined procedure of bone and membrane to stabilize the graft into the bone crater, which is crucial for the formation of a neo-alveolar bone that surrounds the exposure surface of the defected implant.

Keywords: Abscess, early peri-implantitis, implants, molecular biology, regeneration, surface etching

How to cite this article: Bilal H. A developed treatment of early abscessed implant. Int Dent Med J Adv Res 2017;3:1-5.

Received: 18 March 2017;

Accepted: 21 April 2017

Background: This study was done to assess dentinal hypersensitivity in a population and related risk factors that enhance its prevalence.

Aim: This cross-sectional study aimed to demonstrate the prevalence of buccal cervical dentine hypersensitivity (DH) and related risk factors.

Materials and Methods: The total number of 135 subjects, aged 20-65 years was diagnosed with DH included in the study. All the subjects completed a self-administered questionnaire and were further examined using a three-way syringe used to put a rush of cold air which further helps in establishing DH diagnosis. Furthermore, in our study, we used one more criteria of recording buccal gingival recession which was associated with sensitive teeth only, using UNC-15 probe.

Results: The prevalence of DH was 64.2%. First premolar was the most commonly affected tooth. The risk factor which exaggerates DH response related to periodontal diseases includes poor oral hygiene and clinical attachment loss (gingival recession). The predominant risk factors appear to be horizontal tooth brushing and acidic beverage intakes such as juices and soft drinks.

Conclusion: The study assessed the prevalence of DH and enlightens predominant risk factors which further enhance its occurrence. DH is important to recognize to manage it clinically and to take preventive measures for patient benefits.

Clinical Significance: In this study, the prevalence of DH was found to be 64.2%, high compared to many published data, further provides strong-related risk factors that help in the clinical management of dentinal hypersensitivity pain and to take preventive measures that will be beneficial to the patients.

Keywords: Dentine hypersensitivity, gingival recession, prevalence, risk factors, tooth brushing

How to cite this article: Mahajan G, Kaur H, Gautam A. Prevalence of buccal cervical dentine hypersensitivity and related risk factors - A cross-sectional study. Int Dent Med J Adv Res 2017;3:1-5.

Received: 04 March 2017;

Accepted: 08 April 2017

Background: The pattern of partial edentulism has been studied in different countries in various selected populations by correlating between several parameters and the influencing factors such as socioeconomic status, educational status, age, and gender. Education is an important factor associated with the awareness of dental disease and its treatment needs.

Aim: The present survey was conducted to assess the prevalence of partial edentulousness and awareness of its prosthodontic treatment needs based on the educational status in rural population of southwest coastal Karnataka and Kerala.

Materials and Methods: A total of 100 patients reporting with request for removable prostheses were randomly selected and included in the study after obtaining the consent from the Institutional Ethics Committee. The patients were categorized into three groups as, below 10^th Grade, 10^th Grade to II pre-university college (PUC) and graduation and above. Subjects having edentulous space were further grouped according to Kennedy’s Classification. The data were recorded and then analyzed using Chi-square test.

Results: Among the 100 subjects evaluated, 55 subjects were male and 45 were females. 46 subjects were below 10^th standard grade, 16 were between 10^th and II PUC and 38 were graduation and above group. Prosthodontic treatment need awareness was highest in Class III Kennedy’s Classification of partial edentulous space in both maxillary and mandibular arches. The maximum awareness about the implant placement for the treatment of partial edentulousness was among the graduation group. The awareness regarding the effect of missing teeth was high among the graduation and above group.

Conclusion: Under the limitations of this study, it was found that the percentage of awareness of various prosthodontic treatment need increased as the subjects educational status increased.

Clinical Significance: Educational status of an individual has a huge impact on the overall general awareness of one’s health needs and the treatment options available. Therefore, it justifies there is a greater need to educate not only the younger generation but also the elderly and less privileged, regarding the importance of oral health.

Keywords: Awareness, educational status, Kennedy’s classification, partial edentulousness, treatment needs

How to cite this article: Nirupama R, Shetty M, Prasad DK. Partial edentulousness and its correlation to the educational status of the population in southwest coastal region of India. Int Dent Med J Adv Res 2017;3:1-4.

Received: 22 February 2017;

Accepted: 24 March 2017

Background: Over the last decade, a lot of anti-Bisphenol A (BPA) groups have emerged explaining the ill effects of its derivatives commonly used in dental products. Since these materials are used on a daily basis in our clinical practice, we must ensure their safety to all who are in contact with them. This is the primary motive of our study.

Aim: The purpose of the study was to analyze cell death and cytotoxicity caused by a dental composite on lymphocytes, comparing the response of cultured lymphocytes to substances leached from a nanohybrid restorative resin at different time intervals.

Methodology: The effect of composite on lymphocytes was studied in two groups, one at 24 h and the other at 72 h. Additional control groups were tested also for. On culturing the test materials with the cells, they were subjected to the ethidium bromide and acridine orange dyes to check vitality.

Results: Within the limitations of this in-vitro study, it was concluded that no significant apoptosis was detected in the control group. Early-stage apoptotic cells were detected in the first experimental group of 1 day/24 h. Increasing concentrations and treatment lengths showed a decrease in the number of early-stage apoptotic cells in the 3 day group.

Conclusions: The material tested at all intervals showed very less toxicity confirming low cell death.

Clinical significance: In light of recent awareness related to all materials with BPA and its derivatives, we conducted this study with a commonly used restorative material.

Keywords: Biocompatibility, composite resins, cytotoxicity, lymphocytes, nanohybrid restoratives

How to cite this article: Reddy UJ, Nair D, Hegde MN. Cytotoxic effect of a nanohybrid restorative resin on lymphocytes. Int Dent Med J Adv Res 2017;3:1-4.

Received 08 February 2017

Accepted 12 March 2017

Background: Overdenture can be supported by implants or teeth abutments. The literature reports a major limiting factor for widespread acceptance of multiple-implants-supported overdentures continues to be the high costs and the invasive nature of implant surgeries. However, single-implant-single-tooth-supported overdentures have gained popularity in recent years due to their lowered costs and minimal tissue trauma. This article describes a rehabilitation mouth for a partially edentulous patient using a mandibular overdenture supported by a single dental implant and single tooth abutment. The implant-tooth-supported overdenture was connected to the single implant and abutment natural tooth root (mandibular left canine) with ball attachments. The single implant was placed in the edentulous area. In the mandibular right first premolar region to minimize load forces on the natural teeth root abutment (left mandibular canine) and tolerate slight rotation of the overdenture. In the mandibular arch; the natural tooth root (mandibular left canine) was prepared to receive metal post and core to increase retention of the implant-tooth supported overdenture.

Aim: The aim of this report is to rehabilitating partially mouth in a cost-effective manner and minimal tissue trauma.

Conclusion: 6 months without any complication and the abutment natural tooth root (mandibular left canine) remains without mobility when the overdenture is in place.

Clinical significance: The tooth abutment can adapt to normal or avoid hazard occlusal load through the sense and adjustment of the periodontium. On the other hand, the implant abutment cannot avoid hazard occlusal load because there is no sense of the periodontium around the dental implants. Single implant increases retention using ball attachments which include a spring mechanism to absorb the load forces on the natural teeth root abutment.

Keywords: Single dental implant, tooth abutment, precision attachment, ball attachment, overdenture Correspondence

How to cite this article: Attar AM. Full mouth rehabilitation with single-implant-single-tooth abutment-supported overdenture for partially edentulous patient. Int Dent Med J Adv Res 2017;3:1-5.

Received 11 January 2017

Accepted 03 March 2017

Background: The applications of molecular and nanoscale-based biological materials such as bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), may play a role in improving the osseointegration of dental implants and shortening the time period for implant integration.

Aim: The aim of this clinical study was to evaluate and compare the implant stability and bone height changes of implants with two diff erent surface topographies in immediately loaded implant supported mandibular overdenture.

Materials and Methods: A total of 10 completely edentulous patients were selected from the outpatient clinic, Cairo University. Patients were divided into Group (I): Five patients had received two conventional titanium implant coated with ready-made BMP and Group (II): Five patients had received two conventional titanium implant surface installed in the interforaminal area and immediately loaded with overdentures. Crestal bone height changes were evaluated with Digora system at 0, 6, 9 and 12 months after implants loading. The implant stability was evaluated with the Osstell mentor device; every 2 weeks for the 1^st 3 months. Then every 3 months till the end of the follow-up period (12 months).

Results: Regarding bone height changes: conventional titanium implant surface had shown higher mean values of bone loss than BMP coated implant group. However, there was no statistically signifi cant diff erence in mean values of bone height loss between them. Regarding implant stability: Group (I): BMP coated implant group had shown higher mean values of implant stability than Group (II): non - BMP coated implant group. There was no statistically signifi cant diff erence between studied groups.

Conclusion: BMP coating of titanium dental implants may induce less crestal bone resorption and better implant stability in immediately loaded implant supported mandibular overdenture.

Clinical Significance: BMP plays a role in reducing crestal one resorption. Further clinical studies (randomized clinical trials) should be made recommended on a larger number of patients, for longer follow-up periods. Diff erent techniques for BMP application and release should be tried

Keywords: Bone height-bone morphogenetic protein, immediate loading, implant stability, overdenture

How to cite this article: Ragheb NA, Rekaby A, Farahat A. Bone morphogenetic protein effect on implant stability and bone height in immediately loaded implant supported mandibular overdenture (randomized clinical trial). Int Dent Med J Adv Res 2017;3:1-7.

Received: 26 January 17;

Accepted: 28 February 17